Fig. 2

Wearable technologies for diversified applications. a A tunable, ultrasensitive, nature-inspired, epidermal sensor (TUNES) inspired by a spider’s sensory system with a tenable sensitivity by preset strain, which not only can measure respiration and muscle contraction but also serves as a skin-attachable biomedical sensor (Kim et al. 2023). b An respiratory rate sensor that detects breath patterns in real-time, which is fabricated by depositing PEDOT on a disposable mask (Clevenger et al. 2021). c A sensitive and flexible artificial skin comprising a negative temperature coefficient thermistor that can be attached to facial skin conformably, enabling the recording exhaled breath-induced temperature variations (Shin et al. 2020). d A highly conductive polymer dry electrode (PWS film) with excellent conductivity, stretchability, and self-adhesiveness, enabling high-quality ECG, EMG, and EEG signal acquisition in diverse conditions (Zhang, L. et al. 2020). e A wearable patch that enables continuous monitoring of the composition and rate of thermoregulatory sweat during periods of rest, which incorporates a fast sweat absorption mechanism and minimizes the time required for sweat accumulation, allowing for real-time measurement (Nyein et al. 2021). f A multifunctional contact lens sensor for wireless ocular diagnostics, which detects glucose in tears and intraocular pressure (Kim et al. 2017). g Interconnected wireless body sensor networks, characterized by energy efficiency and enhanced security, utilize radio surface plasmons propagating on metamaterial textiles (Tian, X. et al. 2019b)