Fig. 3
Self-powered sensor for in vivo healthcare. a A multifunctional triboelectric active sensor for accurate, continuous, and real-time monitoring of multiple physiological and pathological signs (Ma et al. 2016). b A miniaturized, flexible pressure sensor for intracardiac pressure monitoring, which can be combined with minimally invasive catheters (Liu et al. 2019). c A degradable and absorbable active pressure sensor for blood pressure monitoring and diagnosis of abnormal cardiovascular events (Ouyang et al. 2021). d A self-control system based on shape memory alloy for pressure monitoring and control of voluntary voiding of the neurogenic underactive bladder (Arab Hassani et al. 2018)