Fig. 4

Neural signal sensing based on flexible neural interfaces. a The adaptive, no-invasive general neural ribbon electrode for small peripheral nerve signals recording. i: the neural ribbon electrode (NRE); ii: 3D contact point of nerve electrode; iii: in vivo performance of NRE (Xiang et al. 2016b). b A flexible nerve electrode with a 3D spike structure enables accurate monitoring and decoding of peripheral nerve signals for restoring motion perception (Wang, J. et al. 2018b). c A universal interface based on biphasic dispersed gold nanoparticles that can connect flexible/rigid modules in a plug-and-play way. i - ii: A schematic shows the integration way of flexible and rigid modulus; iii: Applying BIND electrode onto the peroneus longus muscle as an electrode (Jiang et al. 2023). d A soft and stretchable graphene-based biosensing neural interface for the brain and gut. i - ii: NeuroString for chemical sensing in the gut; iii - iv: NeuroString for brain neural signals recording (Li et al. 2022)