From: Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evidence and theory for mechanisms of action
Tissue Sampled and Measured Change To: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Neurotransmitter | P-SCS | B-SCS | HF-SCS | DRG-S |
Glu |
SC: ↓ (Cui et al., 1997) PAG: ↓ (Stiller et al., 1995) | |||
5-HT |
SC: ↑ (Linderoth et al., 1992; Song et al., 2009) PAG: ↔ (Stiller et al., 1995) | |||
GABA |
SC: ↑ (Cui et al., 1997; Stiller et al., 1996) PAG: ↓ (Stiller et al., 1995) RVM: ↓ (Song et al., 2013c) Plasma: ↑ (Crosby et al., 2015a) | Plasma: ↔ (Crosby et al., 2015a) | ||
NE |
SC: ↔ (Song et al., 2013b) CSF: ↑ (Levin & Hubschmann, 1980; Liu et al., 2008) Plasma: ↑ (Levin & Hubschmann, 1980) | |||
ACh | SC: ↑ (Schechtmann et al., 2008) | |||
SP |
SC: ↑ (Linderoth et al., 1992) PAG: ↔ (Stiller et al., 1995) |