From: Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evidence and theory for mechanisms of action
 | Tissue Sampled and Measured Change To: | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Neurotransmitter | P-SCS | B-SCS | HF-SCS | DRG-S |
Glu | SC:      ↓ (Cui et al., 1997) PAG:    ↓ (Stiller et al., 1995) |  |  |  |
5-HT | SC:      ↑ (Linderoth et al., 1992; Song et al., 2009) PAG:      ↔ (Stiller et al., 1995) |  |  |  |
GABA | SC:      ↑ (Cui et al., 1997; Stiller et al., 1996) PAG:    ↓ (Stiller et al., 1995) RVM:    ↓ (Song et al., 2013c) Plasma:  ↑ (Crosby et al., 2015a) | Plasma:  ↔ (Crosby et al., 2015a) |  |  |
NE | SC:      ↔ (Song et al., 2013b) CSF:     ↑ (Levin & Hubschmann, 1980; Liu et al., 2008) Plasma:  ↑ (Levin & Hubschmann, 1980) |  |  |  |
ACh | SC:     ↑ (Schechtmann et al., 2008) |  |  |  |
SP | SC:      ↑ (Linderoth et al., 1992) PAG:   ↔ (Stiller et al., 1995) |  |  |  |