Table 3 Evidence for the response of cytokines and neurotrophic factors to spinal cord stimulation (SCS) paradigms

 BDNF

Increased

Algesia

DRG:  ↔ ^{(Tilley et al., 2017)}

 C3

Increased

Algesia

SC:      ↑ ^{(Stephens et al., 2018)}

 c-Fos

Increased

Algesia

SC:      ↑ ^{(Tilley et al., 2016)}

 IL-1β

Increased

Algesia

SC:      ↑ ^{(Stephens et al., 2018; Vallejo et al., 2016)}

DM:    ↑ ^{(Tilley et al., 2019)}

DRG:    ↑ ^{(Tilley et al., 2017)}

 IL-6

Increased

Algesia

DRG:     ↓ ^{(Tilley et al., 2017)}

 TNF-a

Increased

Algesia

SC:        ↑ ^{(Tilley et al., 2016)}

 VEGF

Increased

Algesia

CSF:       ↓ ^{(McCarthy et al., 2013)}

 CXCL16

Decreased

Analgesia

SC:        ↑ ^{(Vallejo et al., 2016)}

DRG:     ↑ ^{(Vallejo et al., 2016)}

 GDNF

Decreased

Analgesia

CSF:      ↑ ^{(McCarthy & McCrory, 2014a)}

 IL-1α

Decreased

Analgesia

SC:        ↑ ^{(Vallejo et al., 2016)}

 IL-10

Decreased

Analgesia

DM:      ↑ ^{(Tilley et al., 2019)}

 NpY

Decreased

Analgesia

DRG:   ↔ ^{(Tilley et al., 2017)}

 VIP

Decreased

Analgesia

DRG:   ↔ ^{(Tilley et al., 2017)}

 CXCL10

Increased

Algesia

IF:        ↓ ^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 IFN-γ

Increased

Algesia

IF:       ↓^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

Plasma: ↔^{(Kamieniak et al., 2019a)}

 IL-1β

Increased

Algesia

Plasma: ↔^{(Kamieniak et al., 2019a)}

 IL-2

Increased

Algesia

IF:       ↓^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 IL-6

Increased

Algesia

IF:        ↔^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

Plasma:  ↔^{(Kamieniak et al., 2019a)}

 IL-12

Increased

Algesia

IF:           ↓^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 IL-15

Increased

Algesia

IF:           ↓ ^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 TNF-a

Increased

Algesia

IF:          ↔^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

Plasma:    ↔^{(Kamieniak et al., 2019a)}

 VEGF

Increased

Algesia

IF:           ↓ ^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 IL-4

Decreased

Analgesia

IF:           ↓^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 IL-5

Decreased

Analgesia

IF:           ↓^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

 IL-10

Decreased

Analgesia

IF:           ↓^{(Kriek et al., 2018)}

Plasma:    ↔^{(Kamieniak et al., 2019a)}

Plasma: ↑^{(Kinfe et al., 2017)}

 TGF-β

Decreased

Analgesia

Plasma:    ↔^{(Kamieniak et al., 2019a)}