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Table 1 Novel Neuromodulation Methods of Hemorrhagic Shock

From: Neuromodulation as a new avenue for resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock

Neuromodulation

Intervention

Animal Species

Observed Effect

Author/Year

Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)

VNS preceding T/HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Prevention of T/HS-induced gut injury

Prevents formation of toxic lymph

Levy et al. 2013

VNS preceding HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Decreased gut and lung permeability

Decreased pulmonary neutrophil sequestration

Levy et al. 2012

VNS preceding T/HS

Male Balb/c Mice

Prevention of T/HS-induced changes in gut barrier integrity

Decrease in T/HS-induced lung injury

Decreased binding of NF-kB

Reys et al. 2013

VNS following T/HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Reduction in histologic gut injury

Reduction in ML flow

Morishita et al. 2014

VNS following T/HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Prevention of changes in ML exosome protein payload

Limitation of systemic inflammatory response

Williams et al. 2019

VNS following HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Attenuation of peak serum TNF-alpha amounts

Inhibition of liver NF-KappaB expression

Prevented the development of hypotension

Li et al. 2005

VNS following HS

Male Wistar Rats

Increase in survival time

Reversion of hypotension

Modulation of inflammatory response

Guarini et al. 2003

VNS during resuscitation

Male Wistar Rats

Decreased inflammatory response to HS

Improved coagulation

Rezende-Neto et al. 2014

Electroacupuncture (EA)

EA at ST36 + Delayed Fluid Replacement

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Inhibition of plasma adrenal gland concentration increase

Enhances the therapeutic effect of DFR

Wang et al. 2018

EA at ST36 + Delayed Fluid Replacement

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Improves blood pressure

Raises early survival rate of HS rats

Maintains intestinal barrier function

Improves the degree of intestinal ischemia

Shi et al. 2013

EA at ST36 following HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Attenuation of systemic inflammatory response

Intestinal barrier protection

Organ function improvement

Survival rate improvement

Du et al. 2013

EA at ST36 + Delayed Fluid Replacement

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Protective effects upon hepatic ischemic injury following HS

Zhong et al. 2012

EA at ST36 following HS

Male Mongrel Dogs

Improvement of hemodynamics

Attenuation of cytokine and lactate blood concentration in HS.

Suo et al. 2011

Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS)

Percutaneous TNS following HS

Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Modulation of both SNS and PNS

Pressor response

Improved cerebral perfusion

Decreased inflammation

Li et al. 2019

Phrenic Nerve Stimulation (PhNS)

PhNS in combination with ITV

Female Swine

Improvement in cardiac preload and key hemodynamic variables

Samniah et al. 2003