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Table 2 Peripheral nerve stimulation: case series/reports

From: A review of the bioelectronic implications of stimulation of the peripheral nervous system for chronic pain conditions

Study

Etiology

Study design

Nerves Targeted

Results

Conclusion

Huntoon & Burgher (2009)

Upper and Lower extremity neuropathic pain

Case series

N = 8

Median Radial Ulnar Peroneal

Post Tibial

43% patients reported > 80% improvement in their baseline pain

Level IV

Minimally invasive ultrasound guided peripheral nerve stimulation provided effective pain control in patients with positive trial

Simopoulos et al. (2010)

Chronic Migraine

Case Report

Bilateral Auriculotemporal

NRS reduction from 9 to 5 in 16 month F/u

MIDAS improvement from Grade IV to II

Level V

Auriculotemporal nerve stimulation may be a promising therapy for patients with temporal migraine

Vaisman et al. (2012)

Intractable Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia

Case series

N = 5

Supratrochlear

Supraorbital

-VAS reduction from 8.9 to 1.6

− 3 patients reported complete wean off opioids

Level IV

Supraorbital and supratrochlear stimulation is effective and safe as therapy for trigeminal autonomic cephalgia

Hann & Sharan, (2013)

Chronic Migraine

Case series

N = 14

Occipital

Supraorbital

71% reduction in severity and frequency of Headaches

50% resolution of headache symptoms

Level IV

Dual Occipital nerve and supraorbital nerve stimulation may improve frequency of pain relief, neurological symptoms in chronic migraine

Reverberi et al. (2014)

Causalgia

Neuropathic pain

Case series

N = 15

Suprascapular

Mandibular

Occipital

Brachial Plexus

Ulnar

Median

Radial

Intercostal

Post Tibial

Common Peroneal

After avg. 9.3 months follow up:

- NRS score down to 3.46

- Opioid consumption reduced by 50%

Level IV

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation is an effective modality in managing severe neuropathic pain following multiple joint surgeries that are complicated by causalgia.

Reed et al. (2015)

Hemiplegic Migraine

Case Series

N = 4

Occipital

Supraorbital

− 92% reduction of headache frequency

− 44% reduction in VAS

− 96% reduction in drug usage

Level IV

Concordant combined occipital and supraorbital nerve stimulation was preferred by patients and suggest efficacy in treating both pain and motor aura in hemiplegic migraine

Oswald et al. (2019)

Mononeuropathies

Case Series

N = 39

Axillary

Genitofemoral

Intercostal

Ilioinguinal

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous

Peroneal

Saphenous

Suprascapular

Sural

Tibial

71% reduction in pain scores

72% improvement in activity

Level IV

Peripheral nerve stimulators are new minimally invasive neuromodulation modality that shows promising early results

Stevanato et al. (2014)

Brachial Plexus Injury

Case Series

N = 7

Brachial Plexus

Long term follow up at 6 months and 12 months reported 76.2 and 71.5% reduction in NRS scores respectively.

Level IV

Surgical Implantation of quadripolar electrode leads provide long term successful pain relief in brachial plexus injuries

Wilson et al. (2014)

Subacromial Impingement Syndrome

Case series

N = 10

Axillary Nerve

Significant reduction in pain compared to baseline

Level IV

Peripheral Nerve stimulation is effective is treating chronic subacromial impingement syndrome