Table 1 Bioelectronic technologies for cortical stimulation in focal epilepsies
From: Cortical stimulation in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsies
Technology | TMS Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | tDCS transcranial Direct Current Stimulation | RNS Responsive NeuroStimulation | CSCS Chronic Subthreshold Cortical Stimulation | ECS Epicranial Cortical Stimulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Invasiveness | Noninvasive | Noninvasive | Invasive, Intracranial | Invasive, Intracranial | Invasive, Extracranial |
Placement of electrode/coil | Cutaneous | Cutaneous | Subdural | Subdural | Epicranial, Subgaleal |
Stimulation frequency | 0.5–1 Hz | Direct current | 100–200 Hz | 2 Hz | 100 Hz, 8 Hz |
Mode of actions | LTD | Hyperpolarization, LTD | Seizure termination | LTD | Seizure termination, LTD |
Clinical trials | Lefaucheur et al. 2017; VanHaerents et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2020 | Morrell and Group RNSSiES 2011 | Lundstrom et al. 2019 | EASEE-II PIMIDES-I n.d. |