Table 1 Bioelectronic technologies for cortical stimulation in focal epilepsies
From: Cortical stimulation in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsies
| Technology |
TMS Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
tDCS transcranial Direct Current Stimulation |
RNS Responsive NeuroStimulation |
CSCS Chronic Subthreshold Cortical Stimulation |
ECS Epicranial Cortical Stimulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invasiveness | Noninvasive | Noninvasive |
Invasive, Intracranial |
Invasive, Intracranial |
Invasive, Extracranial |
| Placement of electrode/coil | Cutaneous | Cutaneous | Subdural | Subdural | Epicranial, Subgaleal |
| Stimulation frequency | 0.5–1 Hz | Direct current | 100–200 Hz | 2 Hz | 100 Hz, 8 Hz |
| Mode of actions | LTD |
Hyperpolarization, LTD | Seizure termination | LTD |
Seizure termination, LTD |
| Clinical trials | Lefaucheur et al. 2020; Mishra et al. 2020 | Lefaucheur et al. 2017; VanHaerents et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2020 | Morrell and Group RNSSiES 2011 | Lundstrom et al. 2019 |
EASEE-II PIMIDES-I n.d. |