Table 1 Summary of studies investigating the effects of brain stimulation on electrophysiological correlates of addiction
From: Biomarkers and neuromodulation techniques in substance use disorders
Reference | Substance | Subject | Stimulation | Study design | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deep Brain Stimulation | |||||
 Kuhn et al. (2011) | Alcohol | human | Nacc | Flanker task | ERN↑ during 1 year of DBS |
 Ross et al. (2016) | Food | rat | 500 msec trains, 20/130 Hz, 250–400 μA, monopolar, biphasic into CeA | Self-administration of sucrose pellets | DBS vs. sham: decreased proportion of responsive neurons to reward-related food at both frequencies |
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation | |||||
 Conti and Nakamura-Palacios (2014) | Crack-cocaine | human | 20 min, 2 mA, 35 cm2, 1x left cathodal/right anodal vs. sham stim over DLPFC/ACC | Go/NoGo task with visual drug-related vs. neutral cues | tDCS vs. sham: N2↓ after drug-related images |
 Conti et al. (2014) | Crack-cocaine | human | 20 min, 2 mA, 35 cm2, 1x per day over 5 days, left cathodal/right anodal vs. sham stim over DLPFC | Go/NoGo task with visual drug-related vs. neutral cues | 1st day tDCS vs. sham: P3↑ after neutral, P3↓ after drug-related cues in DLPFC 5th day tDCS vs. sham: P3↑ after neutral and drug-related cues in DLPFC, P3↑ after drug-related cues vs. P3↓ after neutral cues in FPC, OFC, ACC |
 da Silva et al. (2013) | Alcohol | human | 20 min, 2 mA, 35 cm2, 1x per week over 5 weeks anodal vs. sham stim over left DLPFC | Go/NoGo task with visual drug-related vs. neutral cues | N2↑ sham & tDCS, neutral and drug-related cues P3↑ sham, neutral cues P3↓ sham & tDCS, drug-related cues Density of activation ↓ after tDCS vs. sham in FPC, OFC, ACC, DLPFC |
 den Uyl et al. (2016) | Alcohol | human | 15 min, 1 mA, 35 cm2, 1x per day over 3 days anodal over left DLPFC/cathodal over right supraorbital area vs. sham stim | Alcohol oddball task with visual drug-related vs. neutral cues | tDCS vs. sham: P3↓ after drug-related cues |
 Nakamura-Palacios et al. (2012) | Alcohol | human | 10 min, 1 mA, 35 cm2, 1x anodal over left DLPFC/cathodal over right supradeltoid area vs. sham stim | passive listening to auditory drug-related vs. neutral cues | tDCS vs. sham: P3↑ after drug-related cues |
 Nakamura-Palacios et al. (2016) | Alcohol Crack-Cocaine | human | 20 min (Crack-users) or 2 × 13 min (Alcoholics), 2 mA, 35 cm2, 1x per day over 5 days, left cathodal/right anodal vs. sham stim over DLPFC | Go/NoGo task with visual drug-related vs. neutral cues | Density of P3 activation ↑ after tDCS vs. sham after drug-related cues predominantly in vmPFC |
 Lapenta et al. (2014) | Food | human | 20 min, 2 mA, 35 cm2, 1x left cathodal/right anodal vs. sham stim over DLPFC | Go/NoGo task with visual food-related vs. neutral cues | tDCS vs. sham: N2↓, P3↑ in NoGo condition |