Table 2 Overview of non-invasive VNS configuration and therapeutic application
nVNS device | Condition | Waveform | Amplitude | Pulse width (ms) | Frequency (Hz) | Train duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Cluster headache (Silberstein et al. 2016) | 5kHz sine wave burst | 24V/60mA | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 25 | 120ms |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Cluster headache (Goadsby et al. 2018) | - | 24V | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 5000 | 3x120s |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Chronic headache (Gaul et al. 2016) | 5kHz sine wave burst | Max. 24V/60mA | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 25 | 3x120s (5min rest) |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Healthy, neural activation validation (Nonis et al. 2017) | 5kHz sine wave burst | 6V-18 V, max. output 60 mA | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 25 | 3x120s (5min rest) |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Episodic & chronic migraines (Kinfe et al. 2015) | 5kHz sine wave burst | 0V-24V | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 25 | 2x120s |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Menstrual migraine (Grazzi et al. 2016) | 5kHz sine wave burst | Max. 24V/60mA | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 25 | 2x120s |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Acute asthma (Steyn et al. 2013) | - | - | - | - | 2x60s (30min rest) |
gammaCore (TC-VNS) | Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (Tarn et al. 2019) | 5kHz sine wave burst | Low voltage | 5x200 μS (1ms) | 25 | 90s |
Non-specific (TA-VNS) | Chronic Pelvic Pain (Napadow et al. 2012) | Rectangular pulses | Moderate to strong (non-painful) sensation | 450 μS (1ms) | 30 | 0.5s |
Nemos (TA-VNS) | Pain Perception (Busch et al. 2013) | Modified monophasic rectangle impulse | 0.25 - 10 mA (constant tingling sensation) | 250 μS | 25 | - |
Non-specific (TA-VNS) | Pain Perception (Janner et al. 2018) | Square impluses delivered in blocks of 9 impulses | Constant tingling sensation | 2x200 μS (s) | 100 | - |
Non-specific (TA-VNS) | Migraine (Zhang et al.) | - | 1.5-3mA | 0.2ms | 1 | - |
Nemos (TA-VNS) | Chronic Migraine (Straube et al. 2015) | - | Tingling, non-painful sensation | 250 μS | 1/25 | 30s on, 30s off (20min) |
Non-specific (TA-VNS) | Migraine (Garcia et al. 2017) | Rectangular pulses | Moderate to strong (non-painful) sensation | 450 μS | 30 | 0.5s |
Non-specific (TA-VNS) | Rheumatoid arthritis (Addorisio et al. 2019) | - | Horizontal: 0.008" Vertical: 0.005" | - | ∼168 | - |