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Table 1 Functional outcomes after SCS and activity-based training

From: Motor improvements enabled by spinal cord stimulation combined with physical training after spinal cord injury: review of experimental evidence in animals and humans

Functional outcomes

Reported with

SCS on

Reported in

Time of first observation after surgery (SCS on)

Reported with SCS off

Reported in

Voluntary muscle contraction

8/8 participants

Angeli et al. 2018; Gill et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

Day 1

4/8 participants

AIS B/C/D

Angeli et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

Single joint movements of paralyzed joints

8/8 participants

Angeli et al. 2018; Gill et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

Day 1

2/8 participants

AIS C/D

Wagner et al. 2018

Standing

8/8 participants

Angeli et al. 2018; Gill et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

Week 1

4/8 participants

AIS C/D

Angeli et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

Treadmill walking

8/8 participants

Angeli et al. 2018; Gill et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

3/8 > Week 2

5/8 > Week 10

n.r.

 

Overground walking

6/8 participants

(with assistance e.g. walker)

Angeli et al. 2018; Gill et al. 2018; Wagner et al. 2018

> Week 20

2/8 participants

AIS C/Da

(with assistance e.g. walker)

Wagner et al. 2018

  1. Included studies: Angeli et al. 2018 (NCT02339233), Gill et al. 2018 (NCT02592668), Wagner et al. 2018 (NCT02936453). Included participants (N = 8): 3 AIS A (motor and sensory complete), 2 AIS B (motor complete), 3 AIS C/D (motor incomplete)
  2. aOne participant in Wagner et al. 2018 achieved steps overground without additional support 3 months after rehabilitation (parallel bars present for safety but not touched)