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Table 1 Comparison table of the recent wireless and fully injectable microdevices that have been validated in animal models

From: Injectable wireless microdevices: challenges and opportunities

References

Cortese et al. 2020

Shi et al. 2021

Mujeeb-U-Rahman et al. 2019

Khalifa et al. 2019

Lee et al. 2020

Device Name

OWIC

N/A

N/A

Microbead

MOTE

Application

Temperature

Temperature

Glucose

Stimulation

Recording

Wireless Link

Light

US

RF

RF

Light

CMOS Process

N/A

TSMC

TSMC

IBM 130 nm

TSMC 180 nm

Power consumption (μW)

10

< 1

< 5

< 50

< 1

Encapsulation Material

SiO2 and SU-8

Parylene-C

Polyurethane

SiO2 and SU-8

SiO2, Si3N4, and Al2O3

Injection Method

Micromachine silicon needle and PEG

1-ml syringe with an 18G needle

Trocar, syringe with a 18G needle

Steel rod, 23G needle, and PEG

Pulled micropipettes, nanoinjectors

Animal Model

Mouse brain

Mouse brain

Rat, Swine

Rat sciatic

Mouse brain

Volume (mm3)

0.0001

0.1

0.196

0.009

0.0008