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Table 2 Change in COWS scores across time in intention-to-treat population and without data imputation

From: Delivering transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation (tAN) to improve symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal: results from a prospective clinical trial

Timepoint1

Intention-to-Treat

Data Not Imputed

Mean (SD) Reduction

95% CI

Percent Change

p-value2

n

Mean (SD) Reduction

95% CI

Percent Change

p-value3

Percentage of Participants with Clinically Meaningful Reduction (n/N%)4

30 minutes

6.4 (4.2)

[3.9, 8.9]

42.0%

< 0.0001

31

6.4 (4.2)

[3.9, 8.9]

42.0%

< 0.0001

24 (77.4%)

60 minutes

7.0 (4.7)

[4.2, 9.7]

45.9%

< 0.0001

31

7.0 (4.7)

[4.2, 9.7]

45.9%

< 0.0001

26 (83.9%)

120 minutes

7.4 (4.3)

[4.9, 9.9]

49.6%

< 0.0001

27

7.6 (4.3)

[5.3, 11.0]

51.8%

< 0.0001

25 (92.6%)

Day 2

7.5 (4.4)

[4.9, 10.0]

50.0%

< 0.0001

20

8.1 (4.0)

[6.0, 12.0]

56.3%

< 0.0001

19 (95.0%)

Day 3

7.9 (4.1)

[5.5, 10.0]

53.3%

< 0.0001

20

8.8 (3.4)

[7.2, 12.0]

61.5%

< 0.0001

20 (100%)

Day 4

8.1 (4.2)

[5.6, 11.0]

54.5%

< 0.0001

15

9.9 (3.3)

[7.3, 12.0]

66.2%

< 0.0001

16 (100%)

Day 5

8.4 (5.0)

[5.5, 11.0]

56.1%

< 0.0001

13

10.7 (4.9)

[6.5, 15.0]

70.4%

< 0.0001

12 (92.3%)

  1. 1Timepoints denote number of minutes after start of active tAN
  2. 2Repeated measures ANOVA
  3. 3Mixed-effects model (REML)
  4. 4Clinically meaningful reduction defined as a 15% or greater reduction in score