Fig. 1From: Bioelectronic multifunctional bone implants: recent trendsa Architecture used to design non-instrumented active implants. b-e Instrumented passive implants (Graichen et al. 1996, 2007; Heinlein et al. 2007; Westerho et al. 2009): hip (b), knee (c), shoulder (d) and spine (e) technologies. f Operations of instrumented passive implantsBack to article page