Table 1 Summary of the systematic literature review on antiinflammatory effects of VNS treatment in animal models and human trials.
Ref | Sex | VNS site | Design | F (Hz) | A (V) | I (mA) | Pulse (ms) | Duration (min) | Effect | Persistence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mice | [11] | F | LCV | C | 20 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ↓ | A | |
[12] | LCV | C | 5 | 1 | 2 | 20 (10 b/a LPS) | ↓ | C$$ | |||
M | A | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 (1 b/a LPS) | ||||||
5 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 (5 a/LPS) | ||||||||
30 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 (5 a/LPS) | ||||||||
[13] | M | RCV | A | 1 | 2 | ? | 10 b/ | ↓ | A | ||
[14] | |||||||||||
[15] | M | RCV | A | 2 | Intermittently for 10 | ↓ | A | ||||
[16] | M | RCV | A | 2 | 10 | ↓ | A | ||||
[17] | M | RCV | A | 5 | 15 or 20 | ↓ | A | ||||
[18] | M | LCV | C | 5 | 0.05 | 1 | 10 | ↓ | C$$$ | ||
Rats | [6] | M | R/LCV | A | 1 | 5 | 2 | 20 (10 b/ and 10 a/ LPS) | ↓ | A | |
[19] | M | LCV | A | 2 | 2 | 0.3 | 10 q45 b/LPS | ↓ | A | ||
[8] | M | LCV | A | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | = | A | ||
[20] | M | LCV | A | 1 | 5 | 2 | 20 (10 b/ and 10 a/ LPS) | ↓ | A | ||
[21] | M & F | LCV | C | 20 | 0.25 | 500 | 0.5 q5 for 3 h per d from d 1 to d 6 | ↓ | A | ||
[22] | M | LCV | A | 1 | 5 | 2 | 20 a/ LPS | ↓ | A | ||
[23] | M | R heart | A | 5 | 2–6 | 1 | 15 b/ and 120/a | ↓ | A | ||
[24] | M | RCV | A | 8–10 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 40 | ↓ | A | ||
[25] | M | R/LCV | A | 1 | 5 | 2 | 15 b/ and a/ 6 h | ↓ | C$ | ||
[26] | M | R/LCV | A | 1 | 5 | 2 | 20 a/ LPS | ↓ | A | ||
[27] | M | LCV | A | 5 | 10 | 2 | 20 a/ | ↓ | C | ||
[28] | M | RCV | A | 5 | 15 | 2 | 20 | ↓ | A | ||
[29] | M | RCV | A | 1 | 5 | 2 | Either 20 starting 5 b/ LPS or 2 (1 b/ and 1 a/ LPS) | ↓ | A | ||
[30] | - | LCV | A | 10 | 0.0005 | 1s | 0.3 b/ 45 a/LPS | ↓ | A | ||
[31] | M | LCV | A | 2 | 2 | 0.3 | 10 q45, starting right b/ LPS, until 4.5 h a/ LPS | ↓ | A | ||
[32] | M | RCV | A | 20 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 train q5 for 30 | ↓ | C | ||
[33] | LCV | A | 10 | 0.5 | 1000 | 0.02 with 500 µs bipolar stimul q0.3 for 10; repeat 10 a/ LPS for 45 b/ break of 3 h | ↓ | A | |||
[34] | M | RCV | A | 5 | 5 | 10 | ↓§ | C | |||
[35] | F | LCV | C | 20 | 1 | 10 | 3 h at same time every other day, beginning 1 wk after operation for 12 wks | ↓ | A | ||
[36] | M | RCV# | A | 25 | 7.2 | 1 | 2 q10 for 60 | ↓ | A | ||
[37] | M | RCV | A | 10 | 1.0–7.0 | N/A | 2 | N/A | ↓ | A | |
Pigs | [38] | M | R/LCV | A | 3 | 1 | 0.2 | n/a | |||
Dogs | [39] | M and F | RCV | C | 20 | 0.75–2.5 | 0.5 | 14 s on 12 s off continuously for 8 wks | ↓ | A | |
[40] | F | RCV | A | 1 or 2 | 0.02–50 | 0.3 | 0.006 | n/a | |||
Humans | [41] | M and F | LCV | C | 1-145 | - | 0.25–4 in 0.25 steps | 130–1000 | 7–270 s in 30 s steps | ↓ | C |
[9] | M and F | LCV | C | 30 | 0.75–1.75 | 500 | 0.5 on 5 s off for 3 months | = | A | ||
[10] | M | LCV* | A | 20 | 0–10 | 1 | Continuously for 30 | = | C | ||
[42] | M and F | LCV | A** | 20 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ↓ | A | ||
C*** §§ | 10 | 0.25–2 | 0.25 | 1 | ↓ |