Fig. 1
From: Neurorestorative interventions involving bioelectronic implants after spinal cord injury
Neuromodulation strategies to engage circuits below the lesion after SCI. The reactivation or modulation of spinal circuits for locomotion has been demonstrated with the use of epidural electrical stimulation (EES) combined with the oral or intrathecal administration of serotonergic and dopaminergic agonists. EES can also be used to optimize autonomic function post-SCI (i.e., blood pressure management). Brain-spine interfaces (BSIs) also provide an alternative strategy for locomotion through bypassing the injury