Fig. 1

Microcurrent device and treatment path. The microcurrent device used in this study has a stimulation electrode at the tip and a return electrode built into the housing, comprising a monopolar design (a). Subjects were instructed to self-administer the device and follow a treatment path around the bilateral periorbital areas along the cheek, nose, and brow ridge (b). Subcutaneous fibers of trigeminal nerve branches V₁ (ophthalmic nerve) and V₂ (maxillary nerve) are targets of microcurrent stimulation (c)