Fig. 1

HFES attenuates neuroinflammatory mediators released by optogenetic sensory neuron activation. A-D Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons harvested from Vglut2-Cre/ChR2-eYFP mice were cultured on multi-electrode arrays (MEA) culture plates for 48–72 h. Cells were simultaneously stimulated with 470 nm (Blue) LED light and HFES for 15 min. Sixty minutes post-stimulation, cell supernatants were harvested and A HMGB1, B CGRP and C substance P measured. Data are represented as individual experimental data point with mean ± SEM. N = 6-8 per group. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test between groups. *p < 0.05., **p < 0.01, ns: not significant. D Neither optogenetic stimulation or HFES induces neuronal cell death. Cell viability was measured by LDH release with cell lysate included as positive control. n = 3-4 separate experiments, and each performed in duplicate. Data are represented as individual experimental data point with mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test between groups: ****p < 0.0001. ns: not significant