Table 2 Parameter units, definitions, and values for force fatigue model (Ding et al. 2003). Parameter range values were defined by values used in the referenced paper and an associated follow-up study for simulations of skeletal muscles (Doll et al. 2017). PSO-identified values were used for all simulations unless otherwise stated. Ding et al. 2003 values used in model perturbation simulations
From: Measuring and modeling the effects of vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate and laryngeal muscles
Free parameters for muscle activation model (Ding et al. 2003) | Range minimum | Range maximum | PSO-identified value | Ding et al. 2003 value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Unit | Definition | ||||
A | N/ms | Scaling factor for force and shortening velocity of muscle | 0.11 | 10 | 10 | 3.0009 |
Km | – | Sensitivity of strongly bound cross-bridges to Ca2+-troponin complex | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.103 |
Ï„1 | ms | Time constant of force decline at the absence of strongly bound cross-bridges | 2.00 | 200 | 2.00 | 50.957 |
Ï„2 | ms | Time constant of force decline due to the extra friction between actin and myosin resulting from the presence of cross-bridges | 5 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
αA | ms−2 | Fatigue coefficient for force-model parameter A | 1 | -1 | −0.51 | −4.0*10−7 |
αKm | ms−1 N−1 | Fatigue coefficient for Km | -1*10− 4 | 1*10− 4 | 9.97*10−5 | 1.9*10− 5 |
ατ1 | N− 1 | Fatigue coefficient for τ1 | 0 | 1*10−3 | 160*10−7 | 2.1*10−5 |
Ï„fat | s | Time constant controlling recovery of force model parameters from fatigue | 80 | 160 | 160 | 127 |