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Fig. 1 | Bioelectronic Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Neuromodulation for recovery of trunk and sitting functions following spinal cord injury: a comprehensive review of the literature

Fig. 1

Five forms of neuromodulation therapies (A) FES, (B) ES, (C) FNS, (D) TSCS, and (E) EES, described in this review. Electrodes placement: FES implanted in thoraco-lumbar region, ES transcutaneously over abdominal muscles, FNS implanted in thoracic region, TSCS transcutaneously over spinal cord in thoraco-lumbar region, and EES implanted in dorsal epidural surface in lumbosacral spinal cord enlargement. Abbreviation: FES = functional electrical stimulation; ES = electrical stimulation; FNS = functional neuromuscular stimulation; TSCS = transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation; EES = epidural spinal electrical stimulation

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Bioelectronic Medicine

ISSN: 2332-8886