Figure 8

(a–d) The cartoons showing schematically different wirings of the biocatalytic electrodes implanted in lobsters: (a) a single pair of the biocatalytic cathode-anode electrodes implanted in the lobster; (b) two pairs of the biocatalytic cathodes-anodes implanted into the same lobster and connected in series; (c) the electrical circuitry equivalent to the wiring scheme shown in (b); (d) two pairs of the biocatalytic cathodes-anodes implanted into two different lobsters and connected in series. (e) A flow biofuel cell with two pairs of the biocatalytic electrodes immersed in the same solution and connected in series. (f) The setup composed of five separate flow biofuel cells used for powering the pacemaker (three biofuel cells are well visible in the front row, while two other biofuel cells are only partially visible in the back row). (Parts “a–d” and “f” are adapted from reference (60), reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)